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Counting Valid Grid Fillings

Combinatorics · HMMT Nov 2025 1667
Ashley fills each cell of a $3 \times 3$ grid with some of the numbers $1,2,3,$ and $4$ (possibly none or several). Compute the number of ways she can do so such that each row and each column contains each of $1,2,3,$ and $4$ exactly once. (One such grid is shown below.)